Calculate the yield of chemical synthesis reactions by comparing stoichiometric quantities with actual quantities and by determining limiting reagents and/or reaction conditions.

Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium chloride according to the equation: $$\ce{Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)}$$ When $0.50$ mol of $\ce{Na2CO3}$ and $0.80$ mol of $\ce{CaCl2}$ are mixed, which substance is the limiting reagent?

Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of glucose: $$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6(aq) \rightarrow 2\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}(aq) + 2\text{CO}_2(g)$$ Calculate the percentage yield if 15.0 g of ethanol is produced when 0.500 mol of glucose is fermented. (Molar mass: C = 12.0 g mol⁻¹, H = 1.0 g mol⁻¹, O = 16.0 g mol⁻¹)

In a synthesis experiment, 12.5 g of methyl benzoate (\(C_8H_8O_2\)) is reacted with excess sodium hydroxide to form sodium benzoate and methanol. The actual mass of sodium benzoate (\(C_7H_5NaO_2\), molar mass = 144.11 g mol\(^{-1}\)) obtained is 9.80 g. Calculate the percentage yield of sodium benzoate. Show your working.

Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation: $$\ce{Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)}$$ When $53.0 \text{ g}$ of sodium carbonate reacts with excess hydrochloric acid, $16.8 \text{ g}$ of carbon dioxide gas is collected. Calculate the percentage yield of carbon dioxide. Show your working.