Engineering · QCAA

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Full Engineering syllabus

Drill from units to topics, subtopics and individual learning objectives. Every LO is wired up to AI-marked practice questions.

95 LOs

▶1 — Engineering fundamentals27 LOs

▶Engineering in society2 LOs

●Comprehend how the problem-solving process in Engineering can be applied to solve a structural problem in relation to engineering fundamentals.

●Examine the historical engineering accomplishments of Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples, including - structures, e.g. weirs and fish traps, permanent and semi-permanent housing - tools, e.g. boomerangs, stone and natural glass chisels, knives - mechanisms, e.g. woomera (throwing lever) - materials, e.g. thermoplastic resin.

▶Engineering communication10 LOs

●Classify datasets and use basic spreadsheet formulas, including strength to weight ratio weight of project ( weight held weight of project), weight and strength of materials.

●Comprehend fundamental concepts of engineering communication, including scale, units, layout, title, orientation, parts list and the level of drawing detail required to support production.

●Contrast CAD with other methods of engineering communication, including sketching and hand drawing.

●Create a basic spreadsheet using provided data, e.g. results of materials analysis.

●Generate a graph from multiple datasets.

●Generate rudimentary engineering objects/products using basic drawing standards, including - dimensioning - orthographic - pictorial (isometric).

●Identify and describe different types of engineering communication, including annotations and callouts in sketches and engineering drawings, and report structure and format.

●Represent data in tabular form.

●Represent information in the form of schemas, e.g. mind map, mechanical schematic, PMI chart, Gantt chart, Venn diagram, life cycle diagram. Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Use sketching and basic drawing standards to represent ideas and a solution to a simple engineering problem, e.g. covered community seating, wheelchair locking device for use in public transport, including - line quality, including straights and curves - plane and solid shapes - orthographic - isometric and oblique views - joint detail, e.g. truss joints - assembly.

▶Introduction to engineering mechanics10 LOs

●Comprehend components of a force, including - differentiate and relate force, gravity, mass and weight - calculate unknown forces using Pythagoras’ theorem 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐2 - calculate horizontal and vertical components using trigonometry and graphical methods ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑉 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐹𝑇 = √𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑉 𝐹𝐻 sin 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 cos 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 tan 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 - recognise concurrent forces, non-concurrent forces, coplanar forces and collinear forces - define transmissibility of a force - represent simple problems graphically using force diagrams.

●Comprehend moments, including - define a moment - explore the uses of moments to calculate unknowns - calculate a moment using the formula 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑 - calculate addition of moments using the formula 𝑀𝑇 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 + 𝑀3 + ⋯ - determine reactions at supports with only vertical loading considered. Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Comprehend Newton’s three laws.

●Comprehend scalar and vector quantities, including - define a scalar quantity - define a vector quantity - communicate scalar and vector quantities in graphical form - determine the resultant/equilibrant using graphical (force diagram) and mathematical methods - calculate addition of vectors - identify the conditions of equilibrium.

●Comprehend the resultant of non-concurrent forces, including - determine the resultant of simple forces on beams - determine the resultant of multiple forces on beams (point of application and angle of force to the beam).

●Comprehend types of loading, including tensile, compressive, bending, shear and torsion.

●Conduct experiments on simple truss frame forms to identify tensile and compressive forces.

●Define engineering mechanics, engineering statics, engineering dynamics, mass, force and matter.

●Define the characteristics of a force, including - 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 - push or pull exerted by one body on another characterised by magnitude, direction, line of action and point of application.

●Determine how structures transfer forces.

▶Introduction to engineering materials5 LOs

●Calculate density using the formula 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

●Classify materials, including recognising and describing how engineers classify materials into metals and alloys, composite materials, polymers, ceramics and natural materials.

●Comprehend the structure of the solid state of materials, including comparing solids, liquids and gases.

●Conduct mechanical testing and inspections of materials using two of the previous test examples.

●Explain primary bonding, i.e. ionic, covalent, metallic.

▶2 — Emerging technologies23 LOs

▶Emerging needs in society7 LOs

●Compare alternative energy sources, including solar, geothermal, hydro, wind, tidal and biomass. Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Comprehend how the problem-solving process in Engineering can be applied to solve an emerging societal problem involving emerging technologies.

●Comprehend the concept of built-in or planned obsolescence and identify the issues for sustainability, reliability and the environment.

●Comprehend the ethical and social implications of emerging technologies, including - intelligent robotics - intelligent computers and sensors.

●Comprehend the ethical, legal, social and economic impacts associated with current and emerging engineering contexts, e.g. biomedical advances, space colonisation, nanotechnology, robotics and biomimicry.

●Contrast the benefits and the ethical, legal, social, economic and/or environmental risks of technologies (such as drones and self-driven vehicles) in contexts, including - employment - transportation costs - vehicular and road safety.

●Describe the importance of autonomous vehicles, drones, supersonic flight and hypersonic flight in emerging applications, including - dangerous occupations - repetitive processes - global enterprises.

▶Emerging processes, machinery and automation13 LOs

●Calculate to solve linear motion problems involving displacement, velocity, time and acceleration using the formulas 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = 𝑠 𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑡

●Calculate to solve problems involving basic series circuits with two resistors using the formula 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

●Calculate to solve problems using basic parallel circuits with two resistors using the formula 1 𝑅𝑡 = 1 𝑅1 + 1 𝑅2 Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Comprehend mechanical advantage (MA) and velocity ratio (VR) including - Define mechanical advantage (MA) and velocity ratio (VR). - Calculate MA and VR using the formulas 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝐸 VR = distance moved by effort distance moved by load = dE dL

●Comprehend the function of the symbols that represent components of electric circuits, including resistors (variable and fixed), voltage source, wires, alternating current and direct current, fuse, earth, switch and light bulb.

●Comprehend the relationships between power, energy, current, resistance and voltage, and calculate to solve problems using the formulas 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡

●Comprehend thermal and electrical conductors and insulators, including - valence electrons - ionic and covalent compounds - materials that conduct (most metals) or resist (most non-metals) electron flow.

●Contrast alternating and direct current.

●Create circuit diagrams using virtual or physical circuits.

●Create virtual or physical circuits using circuit diagrams.

●Define additive and subtractive manufacturing processes.

●Describe emerging automation, including intelligent robotics, intelligent sensors, computer vision and industrial control systems.

●Explain how additive manufacturing facilitates the creation of new designs with internal structures or porosities in medical and industrial applications, e.g. light-weighting and lean manufacturing.

▶Emerging materials3 LOs

●Calculate percentages solid and liquid, along with composition solid and liquid, using the lever rule for binary alloys with complete solid solubility.

●Contrast natural and synthetic polymers, including the mechanical properties and life cycle of - natural polymers, e.g. protein, cellulose (wood), resins, starch, shellac, silk, wood, DNA and lignin - synthetic polymers, e.g. low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyamide (PA 6) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

●Interpret a copper–nickel thermal-equilibrium phase diagram by identifying key features, components and phases.

▶3 — Civil structures16 LOs

▶Civil structures in society7 LOs

●Comprehend corrosion, including - corrosive environments - dry corrosion, wet corrosion, stress corrosion - corrosion protection methods (galvanising, sacrificial anode, coatings). Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Describe the effects on society and the environment that occur during the life cycle of one of timber, concrete, composite materials, glass, bricks or plastics in terms of - materials acquisition - processing materials - manufacture - transport - maintenance/operation - reuse/recycle/disposal.

●Explain the scope of civil engineering in two of the following sub-disciplines - coastal engineering - construction engineering - environmental engineering - water resource engineering - structural engineering - transport engineering.

●Identify the common construction and processing materials used in civil structures, including timber, rock, earth, brick, concrete and steel.

●Identify the ethical issues for sustainability, reliability and the environment applied to structures.

●Research and discuss the environmental implications from the use of common building materials in civil structures, including - loss of habitat - erosion - extractive industries/mining, e.g. rock, sand, loams - demolition, including recycling and disposal.

●Use the problem-solving process in Engineering to solve a complex open-ended structural problem involving truss structures.

▶Civil structures and forces4 LOs

●Calculate to solve beam reactions at different types of supports (pin and roller) for vertical, horizontal and angled forces.

●Comprehend bending stress induced by point loads, including - concept of shear force and bending moment - construction of shear force and bending moment diagrams for vertical point loads only (at the end or the middle).

●Comprehend factor of safety. Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Interpret and perform calculations on simple truss frame forms, including - actions (loads) - reactions at supports with horizontal, vertical and angled loading considered - method of joints and method of sections (graphical and analytical methods).

▶Civil engineering materials5 LOs

●Calculate for a range of materials suitable for civil structures, e.g. steel, timber, laminates and concrete, using the formulas 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎) = 𝐹 𝐴 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝜀) = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = ∆L 𝐿 Note: Strain is a ratio and is therefore without units 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐸) = 𝐹𝐿 A∆L = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎 𝜀 E = Young’s modulus in pascals (Pa) F = applied load (force) in newtons (N) L = gauge length (original length) in metres (m) A = cross sectional area in square metres (m2) ∆L = change in length in metres (m) 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑈𝑇𝑆) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

●Compare and contrast stress–strain diagrams for timber (soft and hardwood) and low-carbon steel, including - shear, compressive and tensile stress - yield stress, proof stress, toughness, resilience, ductility, stiffness and elasticity (Young’s modulus), proportional limit (Hooke’s law), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), engineering applications in civil structures.

●Conduct materials testing (physically or virtually) — include a minimum of two tests selected from tension, compression, hardness, transverse, shear, impact, fatigue and torsion.

●Contrast tension, compression, transverse and shear tests.

●Contrast the material properties, including, toughness, hardness, brittleness, ductility, tensile and compressive strength of - glass - bricks - wood vs. timber - laminates, including laminated veneer lumber (LVL), plywood, fibreglass - polymers - concrete - steel.

▶4 — Machines and mechanisms29 LOs

▶Machines in society3 LOs

●Analyse community problems involving machines as solutions to comprehend how engineers use their expertise and knowledge of technology, mechanics, materials science and control technologies to benefit communities.

●Comprehend the scope of knowledge required in engineering careers that involve machines and mechanisms, including mechanical, mechatronic and biomechanical engineering.

●Use the problem-solving process in Engineering to solve a complex open-ended machines and mechanism problem involving machines, mechanisms and control technology.

▶Machines, mechanisms and control20 LOs

●Apply logic control, including - logic gates AND/OR/NOT/NAND/NOR/XOR standard symbols, including - truth tables — logical true, logical false, logical identity and logical negation. Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Calculate energy efficiency, using the formula η = useful output input × 100 % = MA VR × 100 %

●Calculate for energy sources and conversions (i.e. total mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy), using the formulas 𝐾𝐸 = 1 2 𝑚𝑣2 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

●Calculate MA and VR using the formulas 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝐸 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝐿 𝑉𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑠 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑃

●Calculate to solve problems involving basic parallel circuits, using the formulas 1 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1 𝑅1 + 1 𝑅2 + 1 𝑅3 + 1 𝑅4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉 𝑅1 + 𝑉 𝑅2 + 𝑉 𝑅3 + 𝑉 𝑅4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

●Calculate to solve problems involving basic series circuits, using the formulas 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

●Calculate to solve problems involving electrical energy efficiency, using the formula 𝜂 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 100 % = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑖𝑛 × 100 % Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Calculate to solve problems involving electrical power efficiency, using the formula 𝜂 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 100 % = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑛 × 100 %

●Calculate to solve problems involving electrical power, using the formulas 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡

●Calculate to solve problems involving mechanical engineering concepts and principles, including - work (done) using the formula 𝑊 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒) = 𝐹 𝑠 - power (rate of doing work) using the formula 𝑃 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 = 𝑊 𝑡

●Calculate to solve problems involving one-body systems in motion on an inclined plane, including uniform velocity and uniform acceleration.

●Calculate to solve problems involving the equations of uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line, in one dimension (including vertical or horizontal movement), using the formulas 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 1 2 𝑎𝑡2

●Calculate to solve problems using coefficient of friction, normal force and angle of repose, using the formulas 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝐹𝑁

●Comprehend and calculate the function and operation of belts (flat and V) connecting a driver and a driven pulley using the formulas 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

●Comprehend and calculate the function and operation of mechanical components, using mechanical advantage and velocity ratio, including - inclined planes and screws - levers (first, second and third order) - simple pulley systems (fixed and moveable, using one continuous rope) where the MA or VR is determined by addition of the number of ropes supporting the load.

●Comprehend and calculate the function and operation of spur, worm, and rack and pinion gears using the formulas 𝐺𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐺𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) Engineering 2025 v1.4

●Comprehend the function and purpose of basic machines, including - bicycle - car jack - crowbar.

●Create logic gate circuits diagrams and corresponding truth tables based on specified conditions, e.g. - traffic light function - boom gates at a railway crossing - thermostatically controlled incubator or cooking system or barbecue - sun-tracking systems for solar panels - solar-powered devices, e.g. battery chargers, model vehicles, lighting systems.

●Distinguish between and solve integrated linear motion problems involving static and kinetic friction, using the formulas 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑠𝐹𝑁 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘𝐹𝑁

●Identify four types of motion, including linear, rotary, oscillatory and reciprocating.

▶Materials6 LOs

●Calculate the percentages solid and liquid, along with composition solid and liquid, using the lever rule for binary alloys with complete solid insolubility and partial solid solubility.

●Comprehend that the chemical composition of plain-carbon steels contributes to their physical and mechanical properties and therefore to usability in industrial/mechanical applications for - low-carbon steel 0.07% to 0.30% carbon: automobile body parts, wire products, structural plates and sections, seamless tubes and boiler plate - medium-carbon steel 0.30% to 0.60% carbon: automotive components, including shafts, axles, gears and crankshafts, stampings and forgings, train rails, wheels and axles - high-carbon steel 0.60% to 2.0% carbon: high-strength spring materials and wires, cutting tools, punches, dies and industrial knives.

●Comprehend the mechanical properties of and current uses for engineering plastics, including - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) high heat resistance, good low-temperature resistance, high impact resistance, high chemical resistance, excellent electrical insulation, good dimensional stability automobile parts, personal protective equipment (e.g. face shields, hard hats, helmets), electrical equipment (e.g. power tools housings, printers, vacuum cleaners) and high- strength applications in the construction industry - polycarbonate (PC) high transparency, good toughness, high impact strength, good chemical resistance, high heat resistance, good electrical properties, high dimensional stability lenses and shields (e.g. automotive headlamps, security windows, motorcycle face shields and windscreens, prescription lenses, safety glasses, machinery guards, skylights, and streetlamps) and electrical and electronic device housings - polyamide (PA6/nylon 6) high strength, high abrasion resistance, good thermal resistance, good chemical resistance, good electrical properties, good fatigue resistance machine parts (e.g. gears, rollers, guides, bearings, wear pads and wheels), medical implants, electrical connectors and fishing line.

●Explain key features, components and phases of a lead-tin thermal-equilibrium phase diagram, including the - eutectic reaction, including composition and temperature - single- and two-phase regions at different temperatures and compositions - chemical composition of the phases - hypoeutectic and hypereutectic compositions.

●Identify and comprehend the microstructures of the steel portion of an iron–carbon equilibrium phase diagram (i.e. iron with approximately 2.1% or less carbon content), including austenite, cementite, ferrite and pearlite for eutectoid, hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steel.

●Identify and explain the effects of materials processing and manufacturing techniques on ferrous metal grain structure in the context of - hot and cold working, including rolling and forging - full annealing and process annealing - normalising - hardening, e.g. water quenched, oil quenched, air cooled and furnace cooled the martensitic reaction and the rate of cooling for eutectoid steel (0.83% carbon) - tempering, i.e. tempered martensite structure. Engineering 2025 v1.4

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