Contrast vectors and scalars, and use these terms to categorise physical quantities, e.g. velocity and speed.

A cyclist travels 4.2 km north along a straight road in 15 minutes, then immediately turns and travels 3.8 km south along the same road in 12 minutes. Contrast the vector and scalar quantities that describe this motion, and categorise both the displacement and distance travelled by the cyclist.

Contrast vector quantities and scalar quantities in terms of the information they convey.

A weather balloon ascends vertically from ground level at a constant rate of 3.2 m s⁻¹ for 45 seconds, then encounters a horizontal wind that pushes it eastward at 2.8 m s⁻¹ while maintaining its vertical ascent rate for a further 30 seconds. During the first 45 seconds, contrast the balloon's velocity and speed in terms of their vector or scalar nature, and justify your categorisation of each quantity.