Explain the concepts of reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, dispersion, diffraction and interference in relation to the wave model of light.

White light enters a glass prism at one face and emerges from another face as a spectrum of colours ranging from red to violet. Explain how the wave model of light accounts for the separation of white light into different colours.

A beam of monochromatic red laser light passes through a narrow single slit and produces a characteristic pattern on a screen placed 2.5 m behind the slit. When the red laser is replaced with a blue laser of the same intensity, the pattern on the screen changes. Explain how the change in pattern provides evidence for the wave nature of light.

A light ray travelling in water approaches a water–air boundary at an angle of incidence of 50°. The refractive index of water is 1.33. Explain what happens to the light ray at the boundary in terms of refraction and total internal reflection.