Describe examples of transverse and longitudinal waves, such as sound, seismic waves and vibrations of stringed instruments.

A seismic event generates both primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves) that travel through the Earth. P-waves travel at 8,000 m/s through the Earth's mantle, while S-waves travel at 4,500 m/s through the same medium. Describe the fundamental differences between P-waves and S-waves in terms of their wave classification and particle motion.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a property that distinguishes transverse waves from longitudinal waves?

A seismograph station records seismic waves from an earthquake 450 km away. The station detects both P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves) arriving at different times. Describe the types of wave motion exhibited by P-waves and S-waves as they travel through the Earth's crust.

A seismograph records two distinct wave arrivals from an earthquake. The P-wave (primary wave) arrives first, travelling at 6,000 m/s, followed by the S-wave (secondary wave) travelling at 3,500 m/s. The time difference between the arrivals is 8.0 seconds. Describe the nature of P-waves and S-waves in terms of particle motion and wave classification.